Family Socioeconomic Status And Language Development

What different features, properties, and/or experiences in the word and with people allow infants and young children to learn and develop language? Mutual exclusivity, infant-directed speech, and a child’s socioeconomic status are all factors affecting language development in infants and young children. Children, between the ages of 3- to 4-year-olds, expect that a given entity will have only one name, that is they will not apply a new word to an object they already know which leads them to pick the novel object when given a word they do not know, this phenomenon is known as the mutual exclusivity assumption. Infant-directed speech studies have revealed that infants, between the ages of 6.5 to 7.5 months, who hear infant directed speech, find it easier to segment and discriminate words over part words than those who hear adult-directed speech. Finally, studies examining family socioeconomic status and language development have shown that the mothers in high SES groups had high er speech properties (number of word types, number of utterances, length of utterances, etc) that in the long term influenced the development of the children’s vocabulary complexity When children are given two objects, a familiar and a novel toy, and are asked to pick out a specific toy, using a term they have never heard before (â€Å"blicket†) they tend to pick the novel toy. The participants in this study were twenty-four 3- to 4-year-olds. They were split into two groups; one group would use pointing,Show MoreRelatedHow Can Tie A Shoelace? Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pagesshe was immediately drawn to the fact that Alex was missing out on exposure to language and sound – a lack of supervision and support. Since Alex had difficulty hearing, he was already far behind of his peers due to his lack of exposure to sound and language during the critical period of language acquisition. Although he was given visual clues of language by Denworth and her family, Alex was not exposed to as much language as other children who had no difficulty with hearing. Denworth argues in herRead MoreLanguage Acquisition With Limited Input : Romanian Institution And Foste r Care1121 Words   |  5 PagesJennifer Windsor, Leslie E. Glaze, Sebastian F. Koga write in the Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research an articled titled â€Å"Language Acquisition with Limited Input: Romanian Institution and Foster Care†. From the Abstract, the purpose of the article is to give detailed information on the development of language abilities on children who have been â€Å"institutionalized† (2007, p. 1365). Their participants were grouped into three categories: children growing up in an orphanage, childrenRead MoreEssay about Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Children1367 Words   |  6 Pagesand social stigmas that come with socioeconomic status whether they will choose to admit it or not. Society has come to assume that a child who comes from a family of low socioeconomic status, that they will not do as well as a child who comes from a family of a greater socioeconomic status. Unfortunately these assumptions are so ingrained in our brains that we start to follow the self-fulfilling prophecy. When a child from a noticeably low socioeconomic status walks into a classroom, it is notRead MoreParenting Style, Socio Economic Status Of Family And Maternal Education1534 Words   |  7 Pages Child development included the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional maturation of human beings from fetal period to adulthood. That is also a process which is influenced by interacting biological and environmental processes. About the environmental influences, the family has the most important impact on child development. The influences that I would like to discuss are the parenting style, socio-economic status of family and maternal education. Parenting Style Parenting style is a standardRead MoreChilds Real Time Referential Processing Development1480 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Language processing has been a largely studied area of research over the past _ years. More recently, studies have looked into real-time referential processing abilities in children in order to understand how processing works as well as what contributes to levels of efficiency. Some factors that effect proficiency of this ability includes exposure to infant-directed speech, onset of exposure to first language, socioeconomic status, as well as various individual differences such as language impairmentsRead MoreHistory of Caribbean Education1413 Words   |  6 PagesIslands, and the Turks and Caicos Islands). Education was the great social elevator of the British Caribbean masses. From the middle of the nineteenth century, public education, expanded rapidly. A primary education combined with some knowledge of languages was useful in commercial concerns because most of the British Caribbean states conducted much of their commerce with neighboring Spanish-speaking countries. A secondary education was helpful in getting into the lower ranks of the bureaucracy andRead MoreImplementing The Reggio Emilia Approach For Low Income Pre Kindergarten Students1283 Words   |  6 PagesThe academic achievement gap between students from families with low socioeconomic status and students from families with high socioeconomic status is of major concern in the world of education today. It is the job of current and future educators to come up with solutions to this issue. The United States is a country of great wealth disparity and inequality, the best teachers can do to help their low socioeconomic sta tus students find success is through manipulating the curriculum and increasingRead MoreFactors That Influence Human Development1646 Words   |  7 PagesIn your own words, what role does socioeconomic status, cultural context, and ethnicity play in development (show examples of each)? In our day and time, socioeconomic status, cultural context, and ethnicity play a huge role in human development. Human development begins while in the womb and at birth and continues through life heavily depending on these particular factors. These factors determine how a person communicates, works, looks, and chooses to live their daily lives. People are individualsRead MoreThe Process Of Ordinary Cognitive Development2257 Words   |  10 Pagesof ordinary cognitive development has often been viewed as an independent, isolated progress due to inherent, individual, and identically produced growth. However, in current literature, there has been a growing consensus that socioeconomic status, and its subsequent resources, cannot be abstracted from the process or success of cognitive development. In one study, through the investigation of relationships between socioeconomic status and brain morphometry, socioeconomic disparities were clearlyRead MoreEffects Of Low Socioeconomic Status On Mental Health1440 Words   |  6 Pageslinked socioeconomic status to mental health, especially in children and adolescents. Low poverty levels have been specifically identified as a key causal factor in developing mental health problems in children. There has been much discussion over the different theories as to why this is the case, but only two of these theories seem to hold a lot of evidence. Certain interventions and preventative measures can be employed in order to improve an individual’s mental health by altering socioeconomic status

A Research Study On Transformational Leadership And...

Data Source Transcripts were generated from a doctoral class studying transformational leaders. All transcripts were sanitized and all demographic information was fully redacted before the transcripts were made available to researchers. Each transcript was the result of a recorded, personal one-to-one interview that followed a structured protocol. The collection of transcripts allowed for adequate review and selection to explore the purpose of transformational leadership and conflict. Transcripts were selected based on the number of times the word â€Å"conflict† appeared in the participant’s comments. The study will be limited due to the small heterogeneous sample of participants. Setting Title Role Years of Experience Gender Hospital Senior Vice President Human Potential 2 Male Hospital Administrator Environment of Care 7 Male High School Administrator Administrator 10 Unknown Nursing School Interim Director Leader school of nursing 1 Unknown Nursing School Director Assistant Professor 20 Male Results, conclusions Two types of conflict There are different types of conflict, healthy conflict and unhealthy conflict. Participants viewed healthy conflict as a creative dynamic; transformational leaders did not interfere with this type of conflict, instead, they monitored the impact of the conflict on the productivity of the team. Unhealthy conflict, on the other hand, was viewed as destructive to the team and was addressed by the transformational leader.Show MoreRelatedOverview of Earlier Studies Concerning Transformational Leadership and Personality656 Words   |  3 PagesEarlier studies concerning transformational leadership and personality The transformational leaders are the ones that are seen as the best leader because they have all of the charisma and they are good motivators. Barrack Obama and a few other leaders throughout history have shown this type of leadership. People that are transformational leaders are the ones that can get the best results out of people because they show a really good caring side. This caring side is a really good alluring methodRead MoreComparison Matrix1543 Words   |  7 Pagesshows the characteristic of three studies conducted by different researchers. In the public sector, transformational leadership is the first study. This type of leadership has no effect on the conduct of managers. Transformational leadership is to stimulate the needs of the subordinates in harmony with the goals of the leader. Morale, motivation, and performance of the individuals within the group are increased by this style of leadership Based on the study, employees of banking and food organizationsRead MoreExpanded Comparison Matrix Paper1550 Words   |  7 PagesAmy R. Rhone Grand Canyon University: RES 811 – Introduction to Advanced Graduate Studies and Scholarship July 9, 2012 The three articles used for this comparison matrix looked at transformational leadership and how it affects those in relation to each study. The three articles were all written with a different purpose in mind, with all three correlating to the same hypothesis, â€Å"How does transformational leadership affect employees/individuals in different settings?† With similarities found inRead MoreThe Role Of The Nurse Manager971 Words   |  4 Pages The role of the nurse manager is shifting away from an administrative one and becoming more hands on and as such; there will have to be a change in leadership style from task orientated to relationship orientated. Transformational leadership style emphasises relationship management. Relationship orientated managers, like Anne are able to increase self-efficacy and have a positive effect on individuals as well as the whole team (Nielsen et at.2009 and McGuie and Kennerlydy 2006). This is definitelyRead MoreComparison Matrix996 Words   |  4 Pagescomparison matrix chart three different empirical research articles were used and compared. The first article, by Wright and Pandey. Transformational Leadership in the Public Sector: Does Structure Matter?, Emery and Barker, The Effect of Transactional and Transformational Leadership Styles on Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction of Customer Contact Personnel, and last The Mother Co-parent Relationship and Youth Adjustment: A Study on African American Single Mother Families by ShookRead MoreManagement Of Power By Saint Louis Medical Center993 Words   |  4 Pagespatient care, and innovative healthcare. As a nurse executive at SLMC, my management of power would be one that is based on supporting staff, encouraging â€Å"out-of-the-box† thinking, and promoting efficiency. The leadership theories that best suit my management of power are the transformational and the nine-factors of full-range theories. In both theories, leaders motivate their staff by appealing to moral values that stem from the organization’s vision statement (Doody Doody, 2012). These types ofRead MoreComparison Matrix Essay1332 Words   |  6 Pagesmatrix, the author will provide information from three empirical articles. The articles were titled, Transformational Leadership in the Public Sector: Does Structure Matter? (Pandey and Wright, 2009), The Effect of Transactional and Transformational Leadership Styles on the Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction of Customer Contact Personnel (Barker and Emory, 2007), and Empirical Research on Ethnic Minority Students: 1995–2009 (Vasquez III, E., Lopez, A., Straub, C., Powell, S., McKinneyRead MoreLeadership Styles Of A Leadership1685 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership involves the capacity to lead, influence, and motivate followers to accomplish goals effectively. This literature review will discuss the various leadership styles and linkage between the followers. The leadership styles of transformational, charismatic, servant, leader-member-exchange theory leaders share a common interest the follower. The servant leader serves others before self. The transformational leader inspires and charismatic leader charms the followers. A leader common goalRead MoreTransformational Leadership Enhances Employee Motivation1374 Words   |  6 Pagesrate of employee turnover, and has the ability to impede on organizational productivity. Throughout th is paper, I will note several studies that have proven that transformational leadership boosts employee motivation. Unlike transactional leadership, the transformational leader promotes a basis of mutual respect among all coworkers, regardless of rank. True leadership means being open to organizational change in order to foster positivity. By consistently making an effort to improve employee moraleRead MoreEssay about Nursing Leadership1569 Words   |  7 PagesNursing Leadership Laura Edwards Submitted to Jeanne Morrison PhD, MSN in partial fulfillment of NR622 Advanced Leadership Concepts Regis University October 15, 2011 Nursing Leadership Nursing leaders are crucial to any nursing organization. They motivate, empower, influence, and communicate the organization’s vision to create change within the organization. Great nursing leadership depends on great nursing leaders. This paper will define nursing leadership and describe leadership characteristics

Corporate Social Responsibility Audit Report For BHP Billiton

Question: Describe about the Corporate Social Responsibility Audit Report for BHP Billiton. Answer: Introduction Over the past few years, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a common term in the business environment. Companies are learning the importance of sustainability in their business and pressure is also mounting from environmentalists, NGOs and Governments for greater transparency.Almost all organizations now have a CSR policy in place and with annual reports on progress(Saeed, 2007). Each organization has a different CSR policy which entails different activities they consider to be socially responsible. It is therefore difficult to come up with a single definition for CSR. Various organizations, professional bodies and academia have come up with different definitions. According to (Growther Aras, 2008) definitions of CSR should be concerned with the dealings between organizations, governments and citizens. CSR is therefore voluntary integration of social and environmental factors into their activities with a view of positively impacting on them. CSR is the obligation of an organization to make business policies and practices that are in line with the existing societal values(Bowen, 1953). Scope of engagement The main purpose of this report is among others to provide the findings and recommendations of the CSR audit on BHP Billiton to the company management. The report will therefore seek to analyze general understanding and emerging issues regarding CSR. It will further identify the various activities carried out by BHP Billiton aimed at satisfying their CSR, the success of such activities and their impact on the business as a whole. The report also try to investigate why many organizations find it challenging trying to transform their great aspiration for sustainable operation into a reality. To compile the report different sources of information was used. These included various academic and professional articles on CSR, bibliographical references o these articles as well as other internet sources where key words were searched. Further, the BHP Billiton website was an important source for specific information for the report. Current issues in CSR Due to pressure from various bodies which include environmentalists, many organizations are now embracing CSR. Some of these organizations though fail to recognize the positive impacts that CSR bring along. To further understand the scope of CSR three basic principles have been advocated namely: sustainability, accountability and transparency. Sustainability is mainly concerned with the options available in the future. It advocates for current practices that will not in any way negatively affect the existence of the future generations. According to the Brundtland report of 1987 sustainability is the satisfaction of the current requirements without crippling the ability of the future generations to satisfy theirs. Accountability mainly deals with organizations knowledge that their activities affect the environment and the society in a way therefore taking responsibilities for their actions. CSR requires for accountability by leaders, organizations, customers and members of the society (DAmato, Henderson, Florence, 2009). Transparency entails that the organization makes public the impact of their activities to the society and environment. BHP's CSR commitment From the company profile, BHP Billiton is a Dual Listed Company (DLC) comprising BHP Billiton Limited and BHP Billiton Plc. It was created in 29 June 2001 through the merger of BHP Limited and Billiton Plc. According to the Wikipedia BHP Billiton Group is an Anglo-Australian multinational mining, metals and petroleum company and it is headquartered in Melbourne, Australia. CSR claims embedded in BHP's vision and strategic documents. The BHPs strategy titled A disciplined approach. A proven strategy embeds different CSR claims which prove its commitment to corporate social responsibility. In the fourth paragraph it states that Our products are the raw materials fuelling not just todays growth, but growth that will occur a century from now. We have a world-class portfolio of growth options that will ensure we are able to plan for the short and long term and continue to create value for our shareholders. This statement proves that BHP is observing the principle of sustainably which is an important aspect of CSR. Further, in paragraph three, it states that BHP seeks to recruit from the host communities in order to reflect their values and those of the societies from which they operate. This proves that BHP is mindful of the values of the societies from which they operate. The BHPs charter which describes their values and purpose also contains claims that prove BHPs commitment to CSR. These values are listed as: BHP ensures future survival through mindfulness of health and safety, environment and providing support to the communities within where they operate as part of their CSR. Integrity by doing what they promise rightly Respect through the mutually beneficial relationships Taking responsibilities and delivering on their commitments. Giving priority to the more important issues. Getting best results through hard work. All these are important aspect of CSR The BHP Billitons code of business conduct seeks to acknowledge and respect the indigenous communities as original owners of the land and therefore seeks to establish a mutual relationship between the community and the company. They conduct surveys to establish the current owners and the use of the land. Both voluntary and involuntary resettlements are done in line with the provisions of the International Finance Corporation (IFC) Performance Standard 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement. Integration of the actions into the BHPs performance and governance documents. BHP Billiton has tried to integrate these actions into their governance documents as seen in their actions on climate change info graph. Its perspective on climate change states that We accept the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changes (IPCC) assessment of climate change science which has found that warming of the climate is unequivocal, the human influence is clear and physical impacts are unavoidable. They recognize their responsibility in taking appropriate action, lists the actions they intend to take as an organization to address climate change and further acknowledges that it requires an integrated effort from all the concerned parties. Some of the steps listed include mitigation, adaptation and use o technology. BHP Billiton also lists actions they have already undertaken regarding climate change starting in 1996 to 2014. For instance in 1996 they acknowledged the scientific consensus on climate change. Announced US$1 billion in projects to address GHG emissions and improve energy efficiency - achieved six million tones of reductions by 2000 and in 2014, they abated 807,000 tones of GHG through Business greenhouse gas reduction projects. BHP Billiton is also showing a willingness to responsibly manage the environment. This they do through the reduction of green house gas emissions, proper management of natural resources and increasing biodiversity and water management. The existence of sustainability and community reports is also an indication that BHP is integrating the CSR policies into performance documents. Some of these reports are; 2015 BHP Billiton Chile Sustainability Report(BHP Billiton, 2015), 2014 BHP Billiton Sustainability Report, Our Contribution: BHP Billiton in the community and many more. Still in the society page, they outline their contribution towards improvement of the future of the society. They cover areas such as community investments, education, health, economic development, disaster awareness and relief and rights and cultures o indigenous communities. Concerning the indigenous communities issue, BHP has a formal way through the Indigenous Peoples Policy statement to address it. Establishing partnerships that ensure mutual benefit between the company and the local community is an important aspect of CSR. Businesses need to respect rights, cultures and needs of indigenous population they are operating within. The three main policies being used by BHP in dealing with the indigenous communities are: Free Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) where rights and interests of the indigenous are respected and their consent obtained Acknowledging customary rights and laws. The BHP Billiton Code of Conduct and BHP Billiton Charter sets out the companys commitment to acknowledging of indigenous communities customary rights. Encouraging mutual respect. The Reconciliation Action Plan 2013-2015 seeks to improve relationships between the employees and the local community. Positive effects of BHPs CSR policy. Proper CSR policies can positively influence a firm in various ways both internally and externally. They include: Improves the confidence of potential investors. Proper CSR policies tend to give a clear path for the organization going into the future due to the importance given to sustainability. This in turn gives a sense of security to potential investors. From the many joint ventures that BHP is undertaking like the Algerian and the Australian Joint Interest Units, its clear that investors have confidence in them. Improves corporate image. The views of the public on a company determine its success. A company willing to embrace CSR will have its public image increase significantly. The society views it as one who cares about their well being and not just profits. With a profit of around $4b, BHP has improved its corporate image, increased customer base and therefore the high profits. Customer loyalty and attract new customers. CSR creates a special bond between the customers and the business because they feel really valued. This in turn leads to customer retention. New customers are also attracted to companies that take CSR seriously. Improve work climate and employee commitment. Because BPH has a policy of hiring from the local community in its place of operation, CSR improves the commitment of the employees because they feel valued by the company. This translates to increased output by the employees eventually increasing the income. Communicated intention and corporate practice Many corporations find it difficult to implement CSR policies despite their communicated intentions through their strategic documents. This is majorly due to the challenges that they face during implementation. These challenges range from political to societal to internal. They include: Financial constraints. Due to increased competition and worsening economy, businesses are recording a shrink in their profits. In a bid to remain profitable, operating costs are being cut with CSR budget always being one of the first costs to be affected. The business image. Many corporations still take CSR as a publicity stunt and therefore big organizations that already have established image dont see the need for it. Legal background. CSR is still majorly considered a voluntary act by the companies and therefore many areas lack the laws to enforce it. As a result, corporations that dont see it as an important aspect of their activities neglect it. Corruption and unemployment. Due to unemployment, the indigenous communities where companies operate no longer care about the companys commitment towards CSR as long as it can provide employment. This takes away the pressure to undertake CSR activities from the organization. Some corrupt leaders have also made a tendency of individually benefiting from payments by the firms at the expense of communal projects that are helpful to both the present and future generations. (McGaw, 2005) lists this problem with leadership as the greatest challenge CSR implementation. Conclusion CSR is a very important aspect of business existence and any organization that wants to succeed should embrace it. From the report, there is a need for businesses to properly manage their relationship with the society. The benefits of CSR by far outweigh the costs in the long term. With the global agenda on sustainability also taking shape, it is important for organizations that have not started implementing it to reconsider their stand. This will protect them from possible legal action. Globalization has also set in bringing with it increased competition. Businesses should therefore strive to retain their employees and customers and still be able to attract new ones. One way of achieving that is through CSR. Recommendations Although BHP has done a recommendable job in implementing their CSR policy there are some areas they need to add. These may include: Help nonprofit organizations to generate funds. They can also help in developing local talents other than in the area of education. Set aside cash for improvement of local infrastructure like community roads that are usually used by the company. Allow the use of their resources and facilities by the society. For instance, their heavy transportation vehicles can be used to also transport construction materials for communal facilities like health centers. Involve the employees in activities that reduce the companys environmental impact. Common activities include recycling, composting, re-usage of water and car-pooling where necessary(Pacific Continental Bank, 2013). References BHP Billiton. (2015). Taking the Long View. Sustainability Report. Bowen, H. P. (1953). Social responsibilities of the businessman. New York: Harper and Row. DAmato, A., Henderson, S., Florence, S. (2009). Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Bussiness. A Guide to Leadership Tasks and Functions. Growther, D., Aras, G. (2008). Corporate Social Responsibility. Maignan, I., Raltson, D. A. (2002). Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe and the US: Insights from businesses self-presentations. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(3), 497. McGaw, N. (2005). Developing leaders for a sustainable global society. Strategic HR Review, 4(6), 32. Pacific Continental Bank. (2013, May). The Importance of Corporate Social Responsibility. Business Development Series. Saeed, U. (2007). Corporate Social Responsibility Analysis of current practices in selected companies and recommendations. Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology. World Commission on Environment and Development. (1987). Our Common Future (the Brundtland Report). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Chomskian Linguistics free essay sample

A review of chapter 13 of the book Darwins Dangerous Idea by Daniel Dennett, on the evolution of language. This paper analyzes chapter 13 of Daniel Dennetts book Darwins Dangerous Idea` which speaks on the evolution of language. The paper discusses how the book presents a lengthy discussion of many opposing arguments to language creation based on Darwins theory of evolution. The paper shows how Dennett particularly focuses on Noam Chomskys refutation of the existence or involvement of Darwinism ideas on language creation. Dennetts position asserts that language has evolved because of the many processes organisms, particularly human beings, had experienced. based on Darwins popular `natural selection process.` `After Dennett has presented his position in the first part of the chapter, he shifted the books discussion to the opposing arguments of philosophers and scientists about the creation of language. Dennett particularly focused on Noam Chomskys ideas and theories on how language was created. We will write a custom essay sample on Chomskian Linguistics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The main argument presented by Noam Chomsky against the Darwinian theory-based evolution of language is that language didnt really evolve but just rather suddenly arrived, an inexplicable gift, at best a by-product of the enlargement of the human brain. Chomsky presented his argument based on the adaptations that the human brain had undergone, later developing what Chomsky termed as specialized organ solely functioning to facilitate language and its processes. Chomskian Linguistics centers on language learning, or the learning of language through a set of rules already set in human minds. This set of rules came from the specialized organ of language faculty Chomsky has formulated, and is labeled as the Universal Grammar.

Analysis of Low Speed Unsteady Airfoil Flows free essay sample

he standard textbooks on aerodynamics usually omit any discussion of unsteady aerodynamics or, at most, consider it only in a single chapter, based on two justifications. The first is that unsteady aerodynamics should be regarded as a specialized subject required only in connection with understanding and analyzing aeroelastic phenomena such as flutter and gust response, and therefore should be dealt with in related specialist books. The second reason appears to be reluctance to discuss aerodynamics with the inclusion of the time-dependent terms in the conservation equations and the boundary conditions for fear that added complications may discourage the reader. We take the opposite view in this book and argue that a full understanding of the physics of lift generation is possible only by considering the unsteady aerodynamics of the starting vortex generation process. Furthermore, certain steady flows are inherently unsteady in the presence of flow separation, as for example the unsteady flow caused by the Karman vortex shedding downstream of a cylinder and static airfoil stall which is an inherently unsteady flow phenomenon. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Low Speed Unsteady Airfoil Flows or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore, it stands to reason that a unified treatment of aerodynamics that yields steady-state aerodynamics as a special case offers advantages. This reasoning is strengthened by the developments in computational fluid dynamics over the past forty years, which showed that accurate steady-state solutions can be obtained efficiently by solving the unsteady flow equations. We have, however, chosen to concentrate on unsteady low-speed flows over airfoils in order to present a reasonably comprehensive coverage while limiting the size of the book. This implies that the content is restricted to the discussion of two-dimensional incompressible flows and, as a consequence, the book is structured as described in the following paragraphs. The introductory first chapter describes the physics of unsteady flows by explaining the unsteady flow mechanisms underlying the generation of lift on two-dimensional airfoils and finite-span wings and the generation of thrust on flapping airfoils and wings. This is followed by a demonstration that airfoils VI Preface capable of pitch and plunge oscillations can extract energy from the air stream instead of generating thrust, provided the amplitudes of oscillation and the phasing between the pitch and plunge oscillations reach certain critical values. This phenomenon can lead to the destruction of an aircraft wing within seconds due to explosive flutter. The possibility of airfoil flutter due to pitch oscillations only is then considered and, in this case, the unsteady aerodynamic effects caused by the vortex shedding from the airfoil are shown to be an essential component in the explanation of this phenomenon. An understanding and incorporation of unsteady flow concepts is also required for the determination of the loads caused by wind gusts. The chapter ends by drawing attention to the dynamic airfoil stall and stall flutter phenomena, as caused by flow separation effects. It is well recognized that the rational analysis of separated flows, i. e. , an analysis other than empirical or semi-empirical, needs to be based on the solution of the viscous flow equations stemming from the Navier-Stokes equations. In addition, most flows of practical importance are partly or fully turbulent and therefore require the use of Reynolds averaging in order to evolve a practically useful computational tool. For these reasons, the second chapter begins with a presentation of the Navier-Stokes equations and their Reynolds-averaged form. Furthermore, since many flows can be analyzed efficiently by the use of reduced forms of the Navier-Stokes equations, the thin-layer Navier-Stokes, boundary layer and inviscid flow equations are also included in this chapter. Since inviscid, boundary layer, and Navier-Stokes methods are now widely used, separate chapters are devoted to describe the three methods for the computation of steady and unsteady airfoil flows. The computation of inviscid airfoil flows benefited enormously, both conceptually and computationally, by the introduction of the so-called panel method, pioneered at the Douglas Aircraft Company in the 1960s. Thus, a panel method for the calculation of the flow over an airfoil executing a general time-dependent motion is described in chapter three. It is known that the viscous flow effects can be included with the pressure distribution obtained from an inviscid flow solution as input into the boundary layer equations. This concept can be further refined by interaction between the inviscid and boundary layer computations, thus making it possible to analyze mildly separated flows as described in chapter five. The ourth, sixth and seventh chapters describe applications of the inviscid, boundary layer and viscous-inviscid interaction codes, respectively, to provide the reader with an appreciation for the usefulness and range of validity of each method by comparing the computations with available experimental results. The eighth and ninth chapters consider the analysis of strongly viscous and separated flows by means of the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations by describing first the vari ous solution methods for both incompressible and compressible flows and t

Discontent is the first necessity of progress. Essay Example

Discontent is the first necessity of progress. Essay Example Discontent is the first necessity of progress. Essay Discontent is the first necessity of progress. Essay Fatty Discontent is the first necessity of progress. Its often from a sense of discontent, feelings of incompleteness, or even a twinge of true unhappiness that the seeds of great accomplishment are sown After studying the case of Jerry Sanders emerging as one of the greatest entrepreneurs of his times, one can easily figure out what It takes to go through all the up and downs and be an extraordinary one. From the skills of negotiation, decision making and risk taking to self-confidence, selflessness and contentment, we can see how efficiently he has utilized them over time. In my opinion each one of the above mentioned qualities are very much important for someone to get the best out of something but in case of Jerry Sanders it was The discontentment that he had and that made him so deferent and sophisticated that he never stopped taking risks and making decisions. He has been listened many times saying the fight sentient over. Discontentment or dissatisfaction is what keeps you going on setting a goal, achieve it and move on to the next one, bigger and better. Jerry Sanders had some excellent capabilities, some of which were innate expressed in his personality and some of them were developed through a course of time, Like It has been mentioned that sometimes you have to adopt new attributes and then act as a chameleon to be able to adjust In a new environment. Even though he got what he wanted but still there was a constant urge of doing something better. Referring to case study we can see that he spent some of his time with the Shaw Group to help hem achieve a milestone. Though they had quite a profitable business but it was Jerry who wanted to take all those lessons that he learnt there and make his next move not in the same field but in another one. He also took help from his skills like making connections and expanding his social circle to add more people in his life that would channel him to a better spot. His meeting with Simulative is one of the examples.

How have the culture and mentality of the Chinese contributed to their Research Paper

How have the culture and mentality of the Chinese contributed to their success as entrepreneurs - Research Paper Example This unusual success is based on the Chinese culture and customs. Chinese school of thought Confucianism has deep roots with the entrepreneurship. Confucianism evokes qualities like hard work and constant struggle and also suggests that people should do such actions which become a source of pride for not only their family but for the state also. The Chinese custom of saving money and not using more than their needs, help them to investment in their business. Confucianism allows its followers to lead a loyal and modest life, and not using corruption as a tool to progress. Along with other qualities like interpersonal relation, self discipline and risk taking, the importance given by Chinese government on education has helped them to come up with latest and innovational solutions in the field of science and technology. The state is now taken extra steps to motivate young individuals to enter in the world of entrepreneurs and try to facilitate them in every way. Loans, coaching and help are offered to the interesting candidates. Thus their culture and the policies offered by the country helps the Chinese entrepreneurs to succeed beyond others. ..